This presentation integrates federal taxation with overall financial planning. The course will explore tax strategies relating to the central financial tactics of wealth building, capital preservation, and estate distribution. The result is a unified explanation of tax economics that will permit the tax professional to locate, analyze, and solve financial concerns. Designed to improve the quality of services to clients and the profitability of engagements, this program projects the accountant into the world of financial planning. This course will give the participant practice in analyzing problems, developing solutions, and presenting final personal financial plans to clients. The course surveys wills, living trusts, gifts, marital property, and probate avoidance. Will and trust forms are explored along with living wills, durable powers of attorney, and nominations of conservator. Designed to eliminate estate problems and death taxes, the emphasis is on practical solutions that are cost effective. Chapter 1 Financial Tax Planning
At the start of Chapter 1, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Goals v. purposes
* Investment purposes
* Myths of retirement
* Investment goals
* Investment needs of five critical decades
* Investment vehicles & entities
* Retirement – the ultimate objective
* Retirement costs & income needs
* Retirement plan development
* Basic planning elements
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 1, participants will be able to:
1. Identify short-term financial goals and investment purposes, and recognize the importance of defining, listing, and prioritizing realistic goals specifying how investing allocation changes with age.
2. Determine the tax consequences of title holding methods by:
a. Specifying ways to hold title to assets starting with the simplest and most direct way to hold property;
b. Cite the tax benefits and drawbacks of co-tenancies, corporations (both C & S), partnerships, qualified retirement plans, and trusts particularly as they relate to a client’s after-tax investment return; and
c. Identifying custodianship under the uniform acts and determining how an estate can be tax beneficial to taxpayers.
3. Recognize the impact of retirement planning postponement identifying the importance of early planning using the author’s suggested step process, specify a balance sheet method to plan retirement, determine how to diversify portfolios by balancing liquid
and nonliquid assets, and identify the purpose of savings and strategies to save.
Chapter 2 Building an Estate
At the start of Chapter 2, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Types of income
* Information reporting on taxable income
* Rules of budgeting
* Cash
* Acquisition
* Assets
* Rules of management
* Managing risk
* Taxes
* Leverage
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 2, participants will be able to:
1. Identify money management specifying income types, recognize causes of increased taxable income for itemizing taxpayers, and specify taxable income types and their proper reporting.
2. Determine the distinctions between tax-free municipal bonds from fringe benefits in generating tax-free income, cite the benefits of tax deferral, and identify tax-deferred investments.
3. Specify ways to shelter income stating how income sheltering amplifies investment return.
4. Recognize the budgeting of income into cash by containing expenditures with the author’s step process and discretionary income development, identify a clients negative outlook on budgeting and counter strategies, determine how to convert income into assets by purchasing investments, and specify asset acquisition rules.
5. Specify tax-advantaged investments citing management rules, and determine the economic impact of accelerating deductions, postponing tax liability, and leveraging.
Chapter 3 Preservation of Wealth
At the start of Chapter 3, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Obstacles to preservation
* Tracking spending
* Building savings
* Designing a budget
* Determining worth
* Analyzing net worth
* Ignorance
* Inflation
* Taxes
* Tax planning tactics
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 3, participants will be able to:
1. Identify spending habits stating how to design a budget to increase discretionary income, determine net worth using a balance sheet, and select assets and liabilities for an inventory on which to base financial goals.
2. Specify why individuals should take primary responsibility for investment planning including necessary self-education, determine the allocation of financial resources among investments to maximize return, and recognize the impact of inflation, risk versus return, and basic income tax planning tactics.
Chapter 4 Deferral
At the start of Chapter 4, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Elements of like-kind exchanges
* Related party exchanges
* Personal & multiple property regulations
* Delayed (deferred) exchange regulations
* Actual & constructive receipt rule
* Qualified contribution plans
* Tax-deferred annuities
* Installment sales
* At-risk rule
* Deferred compensation and options
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 4, participants will be able to:
1. Identify the benefits of tax deferral, recall the former use of tax deferral under 1034, and cite the tax deferral advantage under 1031 listing its elements.
2. Specify the related party 1031 restrictions identifying prohibited parties or entities and permissible disposition exceptions, cite recommendations for the protection of exchange participants, and recognize the history of the multiple property regulations stating the unique netting requirements for multiple asset exchanges.
3. Recall the evolution of delayed exchanges naming allowable transfers, determine how to select qualified replacement property, specify constructive receipt safe harbors & methods to secure exchange party performance, cite the 1031 partnership underlying asset rule, identify retirement plan design, identify popular methods for providing
for retirement and select near retirement investments.
4. Specify the requirements for an installment sale, determine how to elect out of the installment method, identify the variables affecting 453 availability, and determine how to use a property option to receive income and postpone tax.
Chapter 5 Reduction
At the start of Chapter 5, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Work Opportunity Credit & Rehabilitation Credit
* Low Income Housing Credit & Child & Dependent Care Credit
* Estimated taxes
* Interest
* Automobile deductions
* Business entertainment deductions
* Depreciation & cost recovery
* Net operating losses
* Tax breaks for nonitemizers
* Amended returns
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 5, participants will be able to:
1. Identify tax credits specifying qualified computational expenses, limitations, and restrictions.
2. Recognize the estimated tax rules and procedures including payment deadlines, underpayment penalties, and the economics of overpaying estimated taxes, and specify the nondeductible interest types.
3. Determine the deductibility of investment interest, prepaid interest, points, and prepayment penalties recognizing the offset of passive income with rental property mortgage interest.
4. Identify business vehicle operating costs using (or switching between) the actual cost method or the standard mileage rate, recognize the importance of expense and mileage records and specify depreciation traps when purchasing a vehicle.
5. Recall the requirements for business expenses to meet the directly related test, cite the elements of the associated test, identify the business expense statutory exceptions, and recognize the application of R.R. 90-23 and R.R. 99-7 to the deduction of transportation costs to a temporary work location.
6. Determine business asset depreciation using both ACRS and MACRS recovery classes, identify sources of 172 net operating losses (NOLs) recognizing carryback and carryover rules, specify tax breaks for non-itemizing taxpayers, recognize the advisability of filing an amended return, determine how to avoid audits by claiming refunds for provable items stating which return amendments are safest.
Chapter 6 Income Splitting
At the start of Chapter 6, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Using progressive tax rates
* Deductible business expenses
* Home-office deduction
* C or regular corporations
* S corporations
* Family partnerships
* Kiddie tax trap
* Childcare & education
* Gifts
* Interest-free loans
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 6, participants will be able to:
1. Recognize formats for income splitting, determine the tax treatment of employee and self-employed business expenses particularly home-office expenses stating the two non-exclusive use exceptions and the income limitation, cite changes made to home office deduction under TRA 97, and recognize the ability of self-employed to make annual
deductible contributions to a Keogh plan.
2. Identify the tax opportunities available to an unincorporated business including retirement plans, the hiring of family members, travel expenses, casualty losses, bad debts, and self-employment tax.
3. Determine the uses and tax characteristics of regular and S corporations by:
a. Citing circumstances when incorporation is desirable,
b. Recognizing the taxation of these entities including their ability to split income; and
c. Specifying initial 351 formation and capitalization issues and identifying appropriate tax form filings for each entity.
4. Recognize the use of partnerships to split income among partners including the use of 704(e) family partnerships and the consequences of gifting a partnership interest to a child or to another family member.
5. Identify the use of a custodianship to split income specifying planning considerations and good investments for children, recognize deductions and credits for childcare, education, children, and 7872 loans, and specify the income and later estate tax benefits of gifts.
Chapter 7 Elimination
At the start of Chapter 7, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* $500,000 home sale exclusion
* Municipal bonds
* Divorce & separation settlements
* Gifts & inheritances
* Life insurance
* Fringe benefits
* Taxation & valuation of benefits
* Employee expense reimbursement & reporting
* Fixed & variable rate allowances
* Social security
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 7, participants will be able to:
1. Identify tax elimination techniques by:
a. Recognizing the current 121 home sale exclusion citing its differences with prior tax law.
b. Determining qualifications for tax-free state or local obligations including private activity bonds; and
c. Specifying the tax elimination aspects of family transactions such as gifts, bequests, inheritances, life insurance, and even divorce.
2. Recognize employer deductions as a means to increase tax-free incentive-based compensation for employees by:
a. Specifying rules for excluding fringe benefits under 132 and their proper reporting on the W-2; and
b. Identifying popular employee fringe benefits including employer paid accident & health coverage, meals or lodging, cafeteria plan benefits, 127 education assistance, achievement awards, group life insurance, and dependent care assistance.
3. Determine how to value fringe benefits according to IRS regulations, identify how to comply with ERISA requirements, specify the proper reporting of reimbursed and unreimbursed business expenses under accountable and nonaccountable plans, determine the substantiation of auto expenses using a fixed and variable rate, and specify eligible retirement benefits exempt from social security taxes.
Chapter 8 Asset Protection
At the start of Chapter 8, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Need for asset protection
* Types of creditors
* Fraudulent transfers
* Preparation for asset protection
* Types of insurance
* Buy-sell agreements
* Individual ownership and corporate ownership
* Asset protection aspects of trusts
* Co-tenancy and partnerships
* Divorce
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 8, participants will be able to:
1. Identify the goals and purposes of asset protection recognizing the objections some people have about shielding assets from creditors by:
a. Citing reasons for asset protection and situations that can unexpectedly put assets and financial security at stake.
b. Specifying sources of lawsuits and the author’s concept of exploding and imploding liability; and
c. Determining asset protection using the primary concepts of insurance, asset placement, and statutory protections.
2. Recognize the importance of creditor types associated with asset protection and fraudulent transfers.
3. Specify fraudulent transfer laws listing badges of fraud, and define statutes of limitation, criminal penalties, and permissible asset transfers.
4. Recognize the degree and necessity of asset protection using net worth and asset values on a balance sheet.
5. Identify the ways that insurance and buy-sell agreements can offer asset protection by:
a. Citing the asset protection elements of homeowner’s, automobile, and disability insurance.
b. Specifying the parties under a life insurance contract stating potential reasons for establishing an irrevocable life insurance trust, and
c. Determining what constitutes entity purchase and cross-purchase buy-sell agreements.
6. Recognize the asset protection advantages and disadvantages of ownership formats and entities by:
a. Determining the use of individual ownership and corporate ownership in an asset protection plan including the importance of S corporations and their estate tax planning advantages.
b. Identifying testamentary trusts, living trusts, and subcategories of trusts recognizing asset protection elements.
c. Specifying the various types of co-tenancy, citing their asset protection dangers, and several types of partnerships citing their variation from limited liability companies; and
d. Recognizing the unique asset protection qualities of retirement plans, custodianship, and estates as asset protection tools.
7. Identify the formats that courts typically follow if a couple does not have an enforceable premarital agreement and determine what constitutes post-nuptial and premarital agreements stating how they relate to divorce settlements and divisions.
Chapter 9 Estate Planning
At the start of Chapter 9, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Build, preserve & distribute
* Legal documents
* Estate planning team
* Estate administration
* Transfers within probate
* Transfers outside probate
* Transfers using a trust
* Special planning tools
* Facts
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 9, participants will be able to:
1. Identify basic estate planning elements recognizing the importance of well-drafted legal documents and specify the key team participants including their roles in the estate planning process.
2. Determine the major steps in the probate process, identify ways to make transfers outside the probate system including the use of a trust, specify estate tax techniques that save death taxes while retaining maximum control, and identify estate-planning facts.
Chapter 10 Estate & Gift Taxes
At the start of Chapter 10, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Taxable estate
* IRS valuation
* Estate tax return & payment
* Tax basis for estate assets
* Generation-skipping transfer tax
* Application of gift taxes and valuation
* Gift tax annual exclusion
* Gift tax marital and charitable deductions
* Gift tax advantages and disadvantages
* Shifting income & gain
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 10, participants will be able to:
1. Identify potential death taxes including federal estate tax as it applies to various size estates, specify the principal taxes that impact death taxation, and determine the expiration of the death tax credit.
2. Determine what constitutes a taxable estate under 2501 specifying what assets are included in a gross estate using basic categories of property and transfers.
3. Specify estate deductions allowed under federal estate tax law stating their tax advantages and disadvantages.
4. Determine the value of a decedents assets using permitted elections, recognize the use of Form 706 to pay any estate tax due, and select the tax basis of estate assets stating how common transactions affect property basis under 1014.
5. Recall the advantages of gift planning including estate reduction recognizing the impact of the GST, specify the steps to compute gift tax identifying the gift tax exclusion amount, and determine the value of gifts including those that are split.
6. Identify the various gift tax exclusions, specify the tax treatment of below-market loans, recall the gift tax marital deduction requirements, determine the tax consequences of giving various assets specifying factors to consider when gifting, and recognize the use of Form 709 to compute and pay federal gift tax.
Chapter 11 Wills & Probate
At the start of Chapter 11, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Provisions of wills
* Requirements of wills
* Executors and guardians
* Types of wills
* Title implications
* Changes to a will
* Advantages of a will
* Simple will
* Probate pros and cons
* Probate avoidance
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 11, participants will be able to:
1. Specify types of wills citing the functions a will can perform, identify types of bequests, determine the duties of executors and guardians, and recall ways to hold title and their tax ramifications.
2. Identify advantages of a properly drafted will, determine the distribution flow of simple wills, and specify the pros and cons of probate proceedings.
Chapter 12 Trusts
At the start of Chapter 12, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Purpose of trusts
* Common elements of trusts
* Types of trusts
* Living trusts
* Income tax & trusts
* Gift tax & trusts
* Estate tax & trusts
* Identification, recital & property transfer clauses
* Income and principal & revocation and amendment clauses
* Trustee and trust termination clauses
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 12, participants will be able to:
1. Identify the relationship of parties in a trust, reasons to establish a trust, and types of trusts specifying their estate planning function.
2. Specify recommended living trust provisions, identify the application of gift and income tax including the use of a grantor trust and an unlimited marital deduction, and determine what constitutes an A-B and A-B-C trust format.
Chapter 13 Entity & Title
At the start of Chapter 13, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Individual ownership & sole proprietorships
* Corporations
* Trusts holding title & business trusts
* Co-tenancy taxation, percentage interests & partition
* Partnership taxation & recapitalization
* Family partnerships
* Limited liability companies
* Retirement plans
* Custodianship
* Estate
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 13, participants will be able to:
1. Recognize basic tax and legal title formats identifying the advantages and disadvantages of holding property in a sole proprietorship, a corporation, or an S corporation.
2. Identify the title holding benefits of trusts, co-tenancy, partnerships, and limited liability companies and the tax characteristics of each, recognize the types of retirement plans used to provide lifetime benefits to a business owner and to employees, and specify the tax treatment of custodianships and a probate estate.
Chapter 14 Life Insurance, Annuities & Buy-Sell Agreements
At the start of Chapter 14, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Types of life insurance
* Life insurance trusts
* Deferred annuities
* Private annuities
* Buy-sell agreements
* Purchase price & terms
* Community property
* Professional corporations
* S corporations
* Sole shareholder planning
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 14, participants will be able to:
1. Specify persons in which rights are placed by life insurance and reasons to purchase life insurance.
2. Identify the tax treatment of life insurance proceeds by:
a. Determining the treatment of premiums for personally owned life insurance and related benefits and specifying exceptions to this treatment including the transfer for value rule;
b. Select variables that influence whether life insurance is taxable for federal estate tax purposes; and
c. Recalling the gift tax associated with the transfer of life insurance policies.
3. Determine the pros and cons of life insurance policy types and specify estate tax planning reasons for establishing an irrevocable life insurance trust.
4. Recognize the differences between deferred annuities and private annuities and determine what constitutes an entity purchase agreement and a cross-purchase agreement and their tax and legal advantages.
Chapter 15 Special Business Issues
At the start of Chapter 15, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Business valuation of tangible & intangible assets & goodwill
* Business valuation of qualified family-owned businesses
* Business valuation of land subject to a conservation easement
* Business valuation discounts
* Redemptions
* Buy-sell agreements
* Death of spouse
* Stock redemptions
* Stock recapitalization
* Deferred compensation agreements
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 15, participants will be able to:
1. Identify reasons why a business interest must be valued in an estate that is subject to federal estate tax, specify factors used to determine the net value of a business under the regulations, and recall the valuation factors in R.R. 59-60 specifying their impact.
2. Determine how tangible assets are normally valued identifying those assets whose valuation is based on values other than book value and specify the steps in R.R. 68-609s valuation formula for intangible assets specifying the effect such amount can have on the total value of a business.
3. Identify special business valuation issues including redemptions under 303 by:
a. Determining what constituted the now repealed qualified family-owned business estate tax deduction;
b. Recalling the terms of the election that allows clients to exclude from their taxable estate 40% of the value of land subject to a qualified conservation easement;
c. Determining the value of a minority stock interest and fractional interests in order to obtain applicable valuation discounts, and
d. Citing the 303 exception to the dividend treatment of redemptions stating qualifications.
4. Determine the tax consequences in leaving an estate to a surviving spouse, specify the elements of buy-sell agreements, stock redemptions, and stock recapitalizations in order to dispose of business interests before death, and identify deferred compensation agreements recognizing their estate planning impact.
Chapter 16 Estate Tax Freeze Rules
At the start of Chapter 16, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Application of estate tax freeze rules
* Corporations, partnerships & exceptions
* Qualified payment exception to zero value rule
* Minimum valuation of a junior interest
* Capital contributions, redemptions & recapitalizations
* Attribution rules
* Transfers of interests in trust
* Term interests & joint purchases
* Buy-sell agreements & options
* Lapsing rights & restrictions
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 16, participants will be able to:
1. Determine the benefits of an estate freeze and its ability to reduce the value of a business interest, identify transactions to which Chapter 14 rules apply and terminology used in the Chapter 14 valuation rule that applies to corporations and partnerships, and specify exceptions to 2701.
2. Identify the zero value rule under 2701 by:
a. Recalling the qualified payment exception and the consequence of being excepted;
b. Specifying variables that impact the application of 2701 stating how to avoid taxable events when valuing a distribution right;
c. Determining the transfer tax when a taxpayer fails to make a qualified payment on time identifying the appropriate election into or out of qualified payment treatment; and
d. Specifying a junior equity interest according to 2701 rules and determining the value of other rights held together with an extraordinary payment right.
3. Determine the application of 2701 provisions by:
a. Recalling the treatment of a capital contribution, a redemption, or a recapitalization under 2701;
b. Identifying when an individual is deemed the owner of an interest that is held indirectly through a corporation, partnership, trust, or other entity based on the 2701 attribution rules;
c. Specifying when transfer tax adjustments will be made to transfers or inclusions in the gross estate;
d. Identifying the split of an applicable retained interest allowing value to be given to a participating feature of a participating preferred interest, and
e. Specifying the stepped computation under the subtraction method to determine an amount of a gift resulting from a transfer to which 2701 applies.
4. Recall the terms used in 2702 concerning transfers of interests in trust, identify the application of the zero value rule to a transfer of an interest in trust, specify exceptions to 2702, determine the transfer of an interest in property when there are one or more term interests as a transfer of an interest in a trust, and specify the treatment of joint
purchases.
5. Recognize the requirements and exceptions of 2703 to ensure property is valued appropriately, identify lapses as a transfer by gift or as includible in the decedents gross estate under 2704, recall the key terminology of 2704 under the evaluation rules, specify the amount of the transfer stating which lapses or restrictions qualify as an applicable restriction.
Chapter 17 Elderly & Disabled Planning
At the start of Chapter 17, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* Managing the estate
* Medicare
* Medicaid & countable assets
* Medicaid & non-countable assets
* Medicaid & inaccessible assets
* Private insurance
* Healthcare decisions
* Supplemental Security Income
* Income & assets
* Disability benefits
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 17, participants will be able to:
1. Recall estate management techniques for the elderly and disabled by:
a. Identifying joint tenancy and the benefits and drawbacks of using such a method for asset management;
b. Specifying levels of conservatorship that can influence management and protection of an estate and/or personal care and disadvantages of this tool; and
c. Determining what constitutes a durable power recognizing advantages of establishing a revocable living trust as a way to manage assets in an estate.
2. Cite the eldercare benefits of Medicare, Medicaid, and Supplemental Security Income, identify disadvantages of the Medicaid program stating how to divide income into asset groups, and specify the dangers and benefits of gifting to family members, including how
individuals might use private insurance for catastrophic illness.
3. Identify tools that can allow patients to refuse treatment even when incompetent, determine Supplemental Security Income specifying how it relates to elderly and disability planning, and specify the requirements that must be met in order to receive disability benefits.
Chapter 18 Post-Mortem Planning & Tax Return Requirements
At the start of Chapter 18, participants should identify the following topics for study:
* After death planning
* Federal returns
* Decedents estate tax
* Preparation of Form 706
* Estate income tax return
* Filing requirements of decedents final income tax return
* Included income
* Exemptions & deductions
* Filing the gift tax return
* Special applications & traps of the gift tax return
Learning Objectives
After reading Chapter 18, participants will be able to:
1. Determine post-mortem estate planning action in the face of funeral and administrative expenses using elections and disclaimers.
2. Cite the due dates of post-mortem federal forms, specify the filing requirements of a decedents estate tax return, and identify exceptions to the general rule of estate tax payment.
3. Determine the processes and procedures necessary in the preparation and filing of Form 706.
4. Identify the filing requirements for estate income tax and decedents final income tax returns by:
a. Determining the estate income tax under available tax accounting methods and tax years; and
b. Specify the use of Form 1310 for a decedent or a joint return for a decedent and his or her surviving spouse.
5. Determine total income to be included on the decedents final income tax return using available exemptions or deductions.
6. Identify how to avoid penalties when filing a gift tax return, recognize gift splitting to reduce gift taxes, and recall special gift applications and traps stating ways to avoid their tax consequences.